^{4th International Conference and Exhibition on} Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering October 03-04, 2016 Orlando, Florida, USA

Biography:

Paul Zeranski recently received a Master of Science in Space Studies with Honors from the American Public University.  He also holds a Master of Arts in American History from the American Military University.  He has worked for the Department of Defense for 37 years including 26 years of active military service as a military intelligence analyst with the United States Army.  He currently lives in York, Pennsylvania with his wife, Claire, and their three children.

Abstract:

Small satellites, less than 1,000 kilograms, are appealing to academia and the small commercial space enterprises, as well as various countries around the world, because they can meet a wide range of complex missions with lower development costs and shorter lead times than large satellite.  This study seeks to determine the best type of propulsion system for academia and small commercial space enterprises to use for on-orbit operations, when designing and constructing microsatellites being placed into Low Earth Orbit.  The propulsion systems considered are solid propellant motors, liquid bipropellant engines, liquid monopropellant engines, hybrid engines, cold gas thrusters, and pulsed plasma thrusters.  The methodology used is a mixed method format with a quantitative and qualitative component.  The mixed method design is a convergent parallel method design.  The analysis of the data uses a combination of the Generalized Information Network Analysis (GINA) and gap analysis specifically interpreted for analysis of this study’s data which will be obtained from previously published academic works and authoritative books.  The results of the combined analysis reveals that each system has its strengths and weakness, however the hybrid engine is determined to be the best propulsion system for academia and small commercial space enterprises to use.

Biography:

J.F. Woodward completed a Ph.D. in history (of science) at the University of Denver in 1972 after obtaining bachelors and masters degrees in physics at Middlebury College and New York University in the 1960s.  Retired in 2005, he is emeritus professor of history and adjunct professor of physics at California State University Fullerton where he continues to do experimental work on advanced propulsion and the enigmatic sciences (gravity manipulation).  Noting that inertia in general relativity is a gravitational phenomenon where local objects are seemingly instantaneously coupled to distant matter in the universe, he has elaborated a way that transient phenomena can be used to perform said manipulation.  This, and other material related to this talk, can be found in his recent book: Making Starships and Stargates: the Science of Interstellar Propulsion and Absurdly Benign Wormholes published by Springer Verlag in 2013.  His work is supported by the exotic propulsion initiative of the Space Studies Institute.

Abstract:

For much of the past century a small group of people, never more than a dozen or two until the late 1990s, have pursued schemes that, if successful, would revolutionize how we get around spacetime.  After World War II, public attention was focused on spaceflight both by flying saucer crazes and by rocketry.  The military end of rocketry was ICBMs.  Their civilian counterpart was first the Apollo program and then the Space Shuttle.  But almost none of the legions of people involved with either ro9cketry or flying saucers devoted serious effort to trying to solve the propulsion problem.  The dozen or two who did found themselves isolated and shunned by mainstream scientists.  But allthat changed when Kip Thorne and several graduate students ushered in the era of wormhole physics in 1988 by reverse engineering, at Carl Sagan’s request, the needed conditions to travel to and from the center of the Galaxy 26,000 lightyears distant in little or no time.  The requirement turned out to be “wormholes”, spacetime structures predicted by general relativity theory.  Six years later, Miguel Alcubierre constructed the “warp drive” “metric” of general relativity that shows what is needed to zip around spacetime, seemingly at speeds faster than the speed of light.  The requirement is a Jupiter mass of negative rest mass (“exotic”) matter.  This requirement is seemingly so preposterous that almost no one has worked solving how to make wormholes and warp drives.  But a fair number of people have worked at less ambitious goals.  In this talk I will relate how the work of people known to me has movedus closer to the goal of rapid spacetime transport.

Biography:

Sanketh Bhat has completed his PhD from University of Florida in the Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering. He is currently employed as a Lead Scientist with GE Global Research in Bangalore India. His research interests include developing engineering solutions to make cleaner and more environmentally friendly machines and in affordable healthcare.

Abstract:

This talk is intended to highlight the role mechanical and aerospace engineers can play with strong domain knowledge and deep understanding of physics of systems as we usher into the ‘digital industrial’ era. There is a strong need in multiple eco-systems to drive improvements in system efficiency across all sectors and do more with less. ‘Industrial Internet’ can be a potential solution to address this need. The main drivers of the industrial internet are connected ‘smart machines’, the ability to manage and process large data, and advanced analytic algorithms. The industrial internet is expected to be larger than the consumer internet enabling consumers and producers to unlock true potential of current and future assets. The concept of ‘digital twins’, offers the ability to utilize high fidelity models which run real-time on the asset and provide crucial insights into system behavior. This talk will cite a few examples from diverse business segments to drive the point.

Biography:

Yingyu Hua has completed her bachelor and master degree from Nanjing University of Astronautics and Aeronautics of China. She’s currently doing her PhD research in the Department of Mechanical Engineering of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University in Hong Kong. Her research topic is the design of viscoelastic dynamic vibration absorber applied to passive vibration control.

Abstract:

Addition of a dynamic vibration absorber (DVA) to a vibrating structure could provide an economic solution for vibration suppression if the absorber is properly designed and located onto the structure. A common design of DVA is a sprung mass because of its simple structure and low cost.  A beam-based DVA is proposed and its design is optimized for minimizing resonant vibration of a beam structure. The beam absorber is modeled as a cantilever beam subjected to the ground excitation from the clamed end. The dynamics of the primary beam structure with the proposed DVA is solved by the mode superposition method.  The dynamic compliance at the end of the primary beam connected with a beam absorber is calculated. The numerical analysis result is validated by comparing with the result from Abaqus as well as the Transfer Matrix method (TMM) method. Fixed-points theory is used to derive the analytical expressions for the optimum tuning ratio and damping ratio of the proposed beam-based DVA.  It is proved analytically that the proposed optimized beam-based DVA can be more effective than the traditional sprung mass DVA if the proposed design guideline is followed.  A case study of the primary cantilevered beam is given to show the differences of two types of absorber (i.e. beam absorber and the traditional sprung mass absorber) in vibration suppression performance.

Biography:

Alexander M. Wahrhaftig has a degree in Civil Engineering (1991), with a Master in Rehabilitation of Historic Heritage from the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain (1995) and PhD in Civil Engineering (Structures) from the Polytechnic School of USP, São Paulo (2008). He has occupied leadership positions on the execution of works and technical services. In the research area mainly is engaged in static, dynamic, experimental analysis of structures, having scientific papers and one book published. Awarded twice by UFBa for his achievements in the field of innovation in 2013 was honored by the Brazilian Association of Civil Engineers.

Abstract:

An analytical approach based on the Rayleigh method is adopted to calculate the first resonance frequency of a 30-m-high metallic mobile phone pole system, taking into account the geometric stiffness, which includes the concentrated forces along of the height, and the self-weight of the structure. That solution constitutes a geometric nonlinear analysis and can be used to linearize second order effects, important for slender systems, since these effects are include automatically on calculation, without any interactions. However, it is important to bear in mind that actual structures are more complex than simple systems such as beams and columns because the properties of actual structures vary with their length. The mast is manufactured in steel and for that all analysis consider linear behavior. For comparison, a finite element method (FEM)-based computer simulation is performed. First, the axial forces on each segment of the structure are compared. Then, under geometric nonlinearity, the vibration frequency of the fundamental mode is calculated analytically as well as the buckling critical load is dynamically defined. Finally, the structural stiffness is evaluated. The results of the analytical approach are found to differ slightly from those of the FEM-based model. An experimental investigation is carried out to verify that frequency under environment excitation disregarding the damping influence. Considering the historical importance of the Rayleigh method in the field of mechanical vibrations, this work sought its application to an actual structure, along with a comparison of the analytical results with the results obtained using modern computing methods.

Biography:

Hansen A Mansy is working as an Associate Professor in the University of Central Florida, USA. His research interest includes: Vibrational and acoustic phenomena in
biological systems; Acoustic models of soft tissues; Flow induced vibrations; Vibro-acoustic sensors; Electromechanical systems; Digital signal processing; Biostatistics.

Abstract:

Numerical modeling of inspiratory flow in a multi generation pig lung airways was performed for a constant flow rate of 19.2
liter/min (Reynolds number=1150 in the trachea). To validate the model, velocity distributions were compared with previous
measurements and simulations in simplified airway geometries. Simulation provided the distribution of flow velocities in the axial
direction as well as secondary flow patterns. The absolute helicity values were used to visualize vortex core regions in the airways.
This analysis suggested the presence of secondary flow vortices in many bifurcations. The observed flow patterns in the pig airways
were found to vary from that of simplified bifurcation airway models. Results of the flow simulations showed that secondary and axial
flows were comparable in the laminar and turbulent cases. Turbulent kinetic energy in the smaller airways tended to be close to zero
suggesting approaching laminar flow conditions.

Biography:

J.F. Woodward completed a Ph.D. in history (of science) at the University of Denver in 1972 after obtaining bachelors and masters degrees in physics at Middlebury College and New York University in the 1960s.  Retired in 2005, he is emeritus professor of history and adjunct professor of physics at California State University Fullerton where he continues to do experimental work on advanced propulsion and the enigmatic sciences (gravity manipulation).  Noting that inertia in general relativity is a gravitational phenomenon where local objects are seemingly instantaneously coupled to distant matter in the universe, he has elaborated a way that transient phenomena can be used to perform said manipulation.  This, and other material related to this talk, can be found in his recent book: Making Starships and Stargates: the Science of Interstellar Propulsion and Absurdly Benign Wormholes published by Springer Verlag in 2013.  His work is supported by the exotic propulsion initiative of the Space Studies Institute.

Abstract:

For much of the past century a small group of people, never more than a dozen or two until the late 1990s, have pursued schemes that, if successful, would revolutionize how we get around spacetime.  After World War II, public attention was focused on spaceflight both by flying saucer crazes and by rocketry.  The military end of rocketry was ICBMs.  Their civilian counterpart was first the Apollo program and then the Space Shuttle.  But almost none of the legions of people involved with either ro9cketry or flying saucers devoted serious effort to trying to solve the propulsion problem.  The dozen or two who did found themselves isolated and shunned by mainstream scientists.  But allthat changed when Kip Thorne and several graduate students ushered in the era of wormhole physics in 1988 by reverse engineering, at Carl Sagan’s request, the needed conditions to travel to and from the center of the Galaxy 26,000 lightyears distant in little or no time.  The requirement turned out to be “wormholes”, spacetime structures predicted by general relativity theory.  Six years later, Miguel Alcubierre constructed the “warp drive” “metric” of general relativity that shows what is needed to zip around spacetime, seemingly at speeds faster than the speed of light.  The requirement is a Jupiter mass of negative rest mass (“exotic”) matter.  This requirement is seemingly so preposterous that almost no one has worked solving how to make wormholes and warp drives.  But a fair number of people have worked at less ambitious goals.  In this talk I will relate how the work of people known to me has movedus closer to the goal of rapid spacetime transport.

Biography:

Abstract:

Biography:

Society of Mechanical Engineers and a Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL). Between 1982
and 1992, he was a University Research Fellow of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. He has over 300 technical publications which
includes 5 books and over 100 refereed international journal papers in the areas of nonlinear random vibration, nonlinear finite element method and nonlinear stochastic
control.

Abstract:

Presently, various common approaches in dealing with engineering systems that contain uncertain parameters are essentially
based on probabilistic models, partially or entirely employing the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) and hierarchical uncertainty
quantification applying Bayesian inference. Another common category of approaches involves application of perturbation
approximation techniques, such as the so-called Stochastic Finite Element Method (SFEM) and Probabilistic Finite Element Method
(PFEM). Many of these approaches can only deal with systems with small uncertainties or variations of system parameters and
properties. The investigation reported here is concerned with two main objectives. The first main objective is the development of an
approach that is capable of providing finite responses of shell structures with large uncertainties and under non-stationary random
excitations. The latter are encountered during, for example, the re-entry of space shuttles, and the launching of high power rockets
with heavy and expensive payloads. The present approach consists of the FEM and the Stochastic Central Difference (SCD) method
that was previously developed by the author and his associates. The second main objective is the study of the difference between
finite random responses of shell structures with small and large uncertain properties. For tractability and readily available results
for comparison, the nonlinear shell structure studied by the author (2009) is employed in the present investigation. It should be
emphasized that in the present investigation the nonlinear spherical cap is hinged circumferentially. Large uncertainties in modulus
of elasticity and thickness of the shell structure are included in the present investigation.

Biography:

Antonio O. Dourado is a professor of Flight Dynamics in the  Aerospace Engineering Course at Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil and editor of the journal Applied Physics Research. He obtained his doctorate in Mechanical Engineering studying military Dynamic Flight Simulators in 2012. Also, he has designed several motion simulators for aeronautic and automotive applications. 

Abstract:

Pilots in military aviation are subjected to extreme conditions, like high-g maneuvers and flight in high angle of attack. In this sense, pilots must have good physiologic resistance besides proficiency in aircraft systems and weapons. Some suggest that with next generation aircraft with stealth features, beyond visual range combat will rule the skies. That can be true, but considering the designs of both Russian T-50 and Chinese J-20 and J-31 that  give importance to maneuverability and stealth, it is not difficult to imagine an air combat starting in bvr but finishing in a dogfight. With this possible situation in mind, within visual  range combat can’t be neglected, and pilots must train hundreds of hours per year to achieve the desired proficiency in ACM. To present day, flight simulation in combat training has a separated approach regarding physiologic and tactical training: use of g-seats coupled with large field of view image projection for tactical training and centrifuges for physiologic training. The drawbacks are clear: g-seat can’t simulate extreme g-loads that undermine pilots stamina and current generation centrifuges (active or passive) can’t be properly used for combat training due limitations described in literature (i.e. motion sickness due Coriolis  effect). If one could combine in a simulator, strengths of both systems in one new flight simulator, there’ll be a revolution in combat training. This paper proposes a change in paradigm in combat training, showing a new concept of flight simulator, considering that close combat will be still relevant in the near future.

Biography:

Shawn Boike has created, lead, directed, managed, consulted on teams & professionally worked in, fortune 100; NASA, NSF, Boeing, General Dynamics, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, PPG Aerospace, Honeywell, AAR, HCL Aerospace, GM, FORD and McDonnell Douglas, the USAF’s IMIP.

With over 31 industrious years experience engineering in Aerospace & Product Development, (18 Aircraft) on the B2 Bomber, USAF One, F20, F18, C17, MD11, T45, MD90, MRUAV, 777. 787, 747-8, Apache helicopter, 5 Space ships; SLS, ALS, Atlas II, Atlas IIAS & NASP.  Manager of EV's; GM-EV1, Samsungs EV4, India’s Mina REVA and many other high tech programs. Founder of: American Industrial Consultants, Solution Vehicles Co. Soltioncell & Insta-Grid, Author and gained a BSME from MSU and a MBA from San SDSU.

Abstract:

Insta-Grids is the World’s 1^st & only patented Wireless Energy & Microwave Fabric which opens up new ideas for the World: (1) Mass production of Insta-Grid for everyone's energy needs. (2) Creation of nuclear/EMP hardened Protecta-Grid to save and improve the U. S. electricity grid, (3) Stationing the first Power-Star satellites, and (4) expansion of the Energy from Space system to 10% the World’s need or ~ 400 Satellites for transmission to ground and numerous in-space applications. America's households, businesses, national defense, and NASA's most ambitious explorations will be stupendously enriched by these revolutionary energy & RF systems. 

Power-Star to be known as: aka Energy from Space System refers to the concept of space system that collects solar power via photovoltaic & then transmits it to ground collection stations using visible or microwave radiation.  Most important to me  is the Future of Energy, Environments & Economy.  In addition, we can beam down the power via microwave or lasers and create efficient, affordable desalination salt water to places worldwide.  We can also start to control/tame weather by overlapping beams/rays and even some known frequencies causing convection and using upper currents to move it to rain where there are droughts including eliminating tornadoes & bad hurricanes.  We can make Space Death rays for vaporizing threats from space (similar to Reagan’s Star Wars dream), also vaporize those threats which cannot be captured (space debris), additionally send a beam out to our Mars or outer planetary transport. 
Understand the future doesn’t have to be like the past and demanding to make the Future better - similar to our Race to Space and the moon.  In this pursuit one’s destiny is limitless.

 

Biography:

He was born in city of Shao-Hing, China in 1930. I attended always the best school in the city. At the age of 16, I graduated from Provincial Shao-Hing High School. Because of the World War II, I like to be in military service, so I entered Chinese Air Force Technology Institute, and graduated with rank of number 3 in the class of 50 students. He served 4 years in the Engine Overhaul Factory in Taiwan China as a Lieutenant, and then I entered National Cheng-Kung University, majored in mechanical engineering. I graduated with number 1 student in the class of 85 students. He came to this country in 1958 and completed M.Sc. at Brown University and Ph.D. at Harvard University in 1966.

He received Outstanding Faculty Award in 1975, Engineer of Year Award in 1985, elected as Fellow of American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1995, and published a text book ‘Advanced Dynamics’ in 1997.  I retired in the year of 2000 and earned a title of Emeritus Professor. Because he like to serve this country and this world, so he is still working with a part time job in the University of South Florida.

Abstract:

Many people have misconception feeling about mechanical engineering, thought that not much can be done in that whole area. Actually mechanical engineering is a major branch in engineering. Just mention a few facts, airplane, ships, automobiles and automations are in the mechanical engineering.  Continuous improvements are their responsibilities. Certainly there are many areas in the developing stage I am going to point out one area here – robotics for your attention.

Many works are dangerous for human beings to perform such as test pilots to test fly a newly designed airplane. Sometimes firemen face real difficult to go to a strong burning fire that certainly can be replaced by a robot if possible. In case some people trapped behind a collapsed burning structure, firemen will not be able to reach them, but a small robotic device maybe easy to reach, also a helicopter could be sent to check it out before action. I think these items I mentioned above are in existence but more work can be further developed.

In Iraq and Afghanistan many soldiers injure even die because of ground mines. This problem can be solved if many robotic devices can be deployed ahead of real soldier’s line. Certainly a detector to discover the ground mine is needed for each robot. The metal detector can be used for that. The toy cars can be used for the robot. It is inexpensive and already available.

Biography:

Hugo d’Albert is PhD candidate at the Chair Product Development, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the Technical University of Munich, Germany. His main research
focuses on Product Development Process, Quality Management, and Cost Management. He bases his research on experience gained from various practical oriented
projects.

Abstract:

The increasing of global competence obliges the companies to make the development processes more efficient. In spite of that
fact, the main challenge is the developing of high-quality and cost-effective products to meet the customers’ requirements. This
challenge is notably present in case of customer’s change requests affecting the whole development process. The customer-driven
modification, corrections, or addition during the product development process have to be carried out under high pressure of time.
This fact can have a significant impact on the quality of the final product. In order to meet the requirements, the required changes
need to be effectively transferred to different stakeholder involved in the process. Since communication and cooperation are key
aspects that influence the performance within a development process, the knowledge flows in the related activities must be examined.
It is necessary to analyze the existing knowledge regarding the actual project state and connect it effectively with the customer-driven
engineering changes. Thus, the unnecessary iterations, wasted resources, delays, or failures can be identified and their negative impact
on process and product quality eliminated. This paper presents an approach for increasing quality within product development
process by effective control over knowledge-intensive flows. The goal is the supporting development process to create the products
that meet the customer’s expectations regarding the short-term changes and bring the company competitive advantages. The business
value results from enhancement of quality through efficiency in the product development process.

Biography:

Vishwas N Bedekar received his PhD degree from University of Texas at Arlington. He has several years of experience in synthesis and characterization of piezoelectric and
magnetoelectric materials. He has also worked on carbon based nanomaterials and design and development of energy harvesting devices and systems. He is currently an
Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering Technology at Middle Tennessee State University. He has authored over 30 publications in peer reviewed journals,
conference proceedings and conference presentations. He has authored 2 book chapters and is reviewer on 10 internationally circulated journals related to materials
science research.

Abstract:

The objective of this study was to design, develop and test a multimechanism energy harvesting device to harvest energy from
mechanical vibrations using two different mechanisms viz. Piezoelectric Effect and Faraday’s Law of Induction. In this study, we
have demonstrated multimodal energy harvesting using piezoelectric and electromagnetic materials, utilizing mechanical vibrations
as primary source of energy. Multimodal Energy Harvesting captures energy from two or more sources or mechanisms using “Product
Effect”. Development of new piezoelectric compositions for enhancing the energy density using conventional ceramic processing
route was followed by design and development of electromagnetic energy harvester. Fabrication of multimechanism device involved
a magnetic levitation harvester with piezoelectric bimorph sandwiched between the two permanent magnets moving inside a coil.
Multimodal energy harvesting enhances output energy of a harvester and can be utilized for many on-board sensor applications such
as harvested energy from a car’s engine vibrations can be used to supply additional energy to the wireless sensors on board, such as
temperature sensor and dashboard indicators, whose power requirements are of the order of several milliwatts (mW).

Biography:

Mark N. Callender earned a BS in Aerospace from Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU), an MS in Aviation Systems from the University of Tennessee Space Institute (UTSI), and a PhD in Engineering Science, with emphases in Thermal and Fluid Mechanics, from UTSI. He worked as a flight test engineer for the U.S. Army Technical Test Center (ATTC) conducting performance and systems flight testing of various Army aircraft. He is currently an Assistant Professor of Aerospace at MTSU where he coordinates the Aerospace Technology Concentration and teaches aerodynamics and aircraft performance and provides research mentorship to undergraduate and graduate students. His research interests include low Reynolds number fluid mechanics, active and passive flow control, micro air vehicle (MAV) lift production, force balance design, propeller sound reduction, the philosophy of time, and Christian apologetics.

Abstract:

Manned aviation is regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in order to provide for safe, secure, efficient, and environmentally responsible aviation in the United States. One environmental issue regulated by the FAA is the noise created by aircraft. Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) Title 14 Part 36 deals specifically with sound pressure levels (SPL) according to aircraft type when the aircraft are in close proximity to the ground. Minimizing aircraft noise helps to maintain positive relationships between the aviation community and the general public. Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are a very rapidly growing segment of the aviation industry within the National Airspace System (NAS); however, there is currently no regulation for UAS SPL. The UAS are regulated, as of August 29, 2016, such that they are mandated to be in close proximity to the ground (no higher than 400 ft). As with manned aircraft, UAS produce high levels of SPL, much of which is due to the propellers/rotors. The combination of close proximity to the ground, high SPL, and increasnig UAS density will most certainly result in a negative public reaction. In order to minimize the audible impact of UAS, the author sought to minimize the SPL of small UAS propellers/rotors via leading edge modifications. The modification consisting of a leading edge comb was inspired by one of the three characteristics found on the flight feathers of certain owls: leading edge comb, trailing edge tuft, and upper surface porosity. The modifications were able to successfully reduce SPL while maintaining constant levels of thrust over a wide range of rpm.

Biography:

Francisco Bulnes has a Doctorate in Mathematics by UNAM, with doctoral thesis “Some Relations between the Vogan-Zuckerman Cohomlogical Induction and the Langlands Classification”. Also he has many papers in mathematical physics. He is a full member of ANS (American Nano Technology), and Head of the Research Department in Mathematics and Engineering, TESCHA. He is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal on Photonics and Spintronics in USA. He has participated and directed to much international conferences and has post-doctorates in Cuba and Russia in the years 2006 and 2014 in infinite Lie theory and the geometrical Langlands program in field theory.

Abstract:

The futurist starship must use quantum electrodynamics principles in the design of a reactor to the electro-anti-gravitational movement and displacement of a vehicle of electromagnetic type considering the production and transference of Eddy currents on their structure to microscopic level and the self-levitation/self-suspension effects that are obtained with the iso-rotations of an component of the proper vehicle. But these effects through certain QED (Quantum Electrodynamics)-Lie electromagnetic space create an enveloping electro-anti-gravitational of the vehicle permitting their sustentation through magnetic levitation. The corresponding wrapping around the vehicle is a fermionic Fock space derived from the application of the QED-Lie electromagnetic tool. The result is a ship whose behavior is very similar to a sidereal object or also to a particle (under other special principles in physics), since the same QED effects could be developed under several photonic and spintronic principles. However, the fundamental energy of the vehicle must be created in the reactor through a Bose-Einstein condensation, whose domain of the QED-transformations on the space produce the different actions as magnetic levitation, electromagnetic impulse, etc